The present volume contains 129 ghazals representing 20 outstanding Urdu poets. File Type PDF A History Of Urdu Literature 1st Published translations of 108 ghazals selected from nine major poets. This book is a companion volume to authors earlier book, 'Masterpieces of Urdu Ghazal' which contained English Page 1/9.The Sufi-saint Hazrat Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz is considered to be the first prose writer of Dakhni Urdu and some treatises like ‘Merajul Ashiqin’ and ‘Tilawatul Wajud’ are attributed to him but his authorship is open to doubt. The Sufi saints were the earliest promoters of the Dakhni Urdu. As Urdu started flourishing in the kingdoms of Golconda and Bijapur, the earliest writings in Urdu are in the Dakhni (Deccani) dialect. HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE- Dr Ausaf Sayeed Urdu writing in its various primitive forms can be traced to Muhammad Urfi (‘Tadhkirah’ - 1228 A.D.), Amir Khusro (1259-1325 A.D.) and Kwaja Muhammad Husaini (1318-1422 A.D.). While it tends to be dominated by poetry , especially the verse forms of the ghazal and nazm , it has expanded into other styles of writing, including that of the short story, or afsana. Urdu literature (Urdu: , Adbiyt-i Urd) is literature in the Urdu language.Wajhi's Sabras is considered to be a masterpiece of great literary and philosophical merit. Among the other important writers of Dakhni Urdu were Shah Miranji Shamsul Ushaq (‘Khush Nama’ and ‘Khush Naghz’), Shah Burhanuddin Janam, Mullah Wajhi (‘Qutb Mushtari’ and ‘Sabras’), Ghawasi (‘Saiful Mulook-OBadi-Ul-Jamal’ and ‘Tuti Nama’), Ibn-e-Nishati (‘Phul Ban’) and Tabai (‘Bhahram-O-Guldandam’). His poetry focused on love, nature and social life of the day. Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah, the greatest of Golconda Kings who was a distinguished poet, is credited with introducing a secular content to otherwise predominantly religious Urdu poetry. Kamal Khan Rustami (Khawar Nama) and Nusrati (‘Gulshan-e-Ishq’, ‘Ali Nama’ and ‘Tarikh-e-Iskandari’) were two great poets of Bijapur.The medieval Urdu poetry grew under the shadow of Persian poetry. When his Diwan (Collection of Ghazals and other poetic genres) reached Delhi, the poets of Delhi who were engaged in composing poetry in Persian language, were much impressed and they also started writing poetry in Urdu, which they named ‘Rekhta’. He developed the literary form of the ‘ghazal’.
His ‘Shahr Ashob’ and ‘Qasida Tazheek-e-Rozgar’ are considered as masterpieces of Urdu literature. Sauda has been described as the foremost satirist of Urdu literature during the 18th century. By the beginning of the 18th century a more sophisticated North Indian variation of the Urdu language began to evolve through the writings of Shaikh Zahooruddin Hatim (1699-1781), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janan (1699-1781) Khwaja Mir Dard (1719-1785), Mir Taqi Mir (1722-1810), Mir Hasan (1727-1786) and Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-1780). Sirajuddin Ali Khan Arzu and Shaikh Sadullah Gulshan were the earliest promoters of Urdu language in North India. The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was a poet with unique style, typified by difficult rhymes, excessive word play and use of idiomatic language. Mir Babar Ali Anees (18021874) excelled in the art of writing ‘marsiyas’. Shaik Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi (1750-1824), Insha Allah Khan (‘Darya-e-Latafat’ and ‘Rani Ketaki’), Khwaja Haider Ali Atish, Daya Shankar Naseem (‘Gulzare-e-Naseem’), Nawab Mirza Shauq (‘Bahr-e-Ishq’, ‘Zahr-e-Ishq’ and ‘Lazzat-e-Ishq’) and Shaik Imam Bakhsh Nasikh were the early poets of Lucknow. Mir's works, apart from his six Diwans, include ‘Nikat-ush-Shora’ (Tazkira) and ‘Zikr-se-Mir’ (Autobiography). ![]() Hali's works include ‘Diwan-e-Hali’, ‘Madd-o-Jazr-e-Islam’ or ‘Musaddas-e-Hali’ (1879), ‘Shakwa-e-Hind’ (1887), ‘Munajat-e-Beva’ (1886) and ‘Chup ki Dad’ (1905). However, Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914) is the actual innovator of the modern spirit in Urdu poetry. Modern Urdu literature covers the time from the last quarter of the 19th century till the present day and can be divided into two periods: the period of the Aligarh Movement started by Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan and the period influenced by Sir Mohammed Iqbal followed by the Progressive movement and movements of ‘Halqa-e-Arbab-e- Zouq’, Modernism and Post modernism. In the post-Ghalib period, Daagh Dehlvi (1831-1905) emerged as a distinct poet, whose poetry was distinguished by its purity of idiom and simplicity of language and thought. With his passion for originality, Ghalib brought in a renaissance in Urdu poetry. Any description of Urdu literature can never be complete without the mention of Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib (1797-1869), who is considered as the greatest of all the Urdu poets. Shibli also produced important works like ‘Swanih Umari Moulana Rum’, ‘Ilmul Kalam’ (1903), ‘Muvazina-e-Anis-o-Dabir’ (1907) and ‘Sher-ulAjam’ (1899). He has produced several works based on historical research, especially on Islamic history, like ‘Seerat-un-Noman’ (1892) and ‘Al Faruq’ (1899). Shibli Nomani (1857-1914) is considered as the father of modern history in Urdu. His ‘Muqaddama-e-Sher-o-Shaeri’ is the foundation stone of Urdu criticism. Hali was the pioneer of modern criticism. Fani Badayuni (1879-1941), Shad Azimabadi (1846-1927), Yagana Changezi (1884-1956), Asghar Gondavi (1884-1936), Jigar Muradabadi (1896-1982), Akhtar Shirani, Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1912-1985), Miraji (1912-1950), N.M.Rashid (1910-1976), Akhtarul-Iman (1915-1996), Ali Sardar Jafri (1913-2000), Makhdoom Mohiuddin (1908-1969), Kaifi Azmi (1919-2002), Jan Nisar Akhtar (1914-1979), Sahir Ludhianvi (1922-1980), Majrooh Sultanpuri (1919-2000), Asrarul Haq Majaz (1911-1955), Nasir Kazmi (19251972), Ibn-e-Insha (1927-1978) and Dr. Iqbal's poetry underwent several phases of evolution from Romanticism (‘Nala-e-Yateem’ and ‘Abr-e-Guhar Bar’) to Indian Nationalism (‘Tasvir-eDard’, ‘Naya Shivala’ and ‘Tarana-e-Hindi’) and finally to Pan-Islamism (‘Shakva’, ‘Sham-o-Shair’, ‘Jawab-eShakva’, ‘Khizr-e-Rah’ and ‘Tulu-e-Islam’). Other leading poets of modern period include Syyid Akbar Husain Akbar Allahabadi (1846-1921), who had a flair for extempore composition of satiric and comic verses, Khushi Mohammed Nazir (1872-1944), who composed ‘Jogi’ and ‘Pani Mein’, Mohammed Iqbal (1873-1938), Durga Sahai Suroor (18731910), Mohammed Ali Jauhar (1878-1931) and Hasrat Mohani (1875-1951). ‘Ab-e-Hayat’, ‘Sukhandan-e-Pars’, ‘Darbar-e-Akbari’ and ‘Nazm-e-Azad’ are some of his outstanding literary works. He laid the foundation of modern poem in Urdu. Toyota navigation update downloadMohammed Hussan Askari and Khwaja Ahmed Abbas are counted among the leading lights of the Urdu short story. Premchand's short stories cover nearly a dozen volumes including ‘Prem Pachisi’, ‘Prem Battisi’, ‘Prem Chalisi’, ‘Zad-e-Rah’, ‘Vardaat’, ‘Akhri Tuhfa’ and ‘Khak-e-Parvana’. The short story in Urdu began with Munshi Premchand's ‘Soz-e-Vatan’ (1908). The leading poets of this generation include Khaleelur Rahman Azmi, Himayat Ali Shair, Balraj Komal, Ameeq Hanafi, Kumar Pashi, Makhmoor Saidi, Mazhar Imam, Dr Mughni Tabassum, Bani, Munir Niyazi, Suleman Areeb, Aziz Qaisi, Saqi Faruqi, Iftekhar Arif, Saleem Ahmed, Qazi Saleem, Shafiq Fatima Shera, Bashar Nawaz, Akbar Hyderabadi, Waheed Akhter, Shaz Tamkanat, Zubair Razvi, Muztar Majaz, Mushaf Iqbal Tausifi, Zohra Nigah, Kishwar Naheed, Zahida Zaidi, Siddiqua Shabnam and others. A new generation of poets emerged around the sixth decade of twentieth century. Manto, Ismat Chughtai and Mumtaz Mufti form a different brand of Urdu writers who concentrated on the "psychological story" in contrast to the "sociological story" of Bedi and Krishn Chander. Bedi's important works include collections of short stories, ‘Dana-o-Daam Girhen’, ‘Kokh Jali’ and ‘Apne Dukh Mujhe Dedo’ collection of plays "Saat Khel" and a novel ‘Ek Chadar Maili Si’ (1972). Bedi's ‘Garm Kot’ and ‘Lajvanti’ are among the masterpieces of Urdu short story. His other renowned short stories include ‘Zindagi Ke Mor Par’, ‘Kalu Bhangi’ and ‘Mahalaxmi Ka Pul’. Krishn Chander's ‘Adhe Ghante Ka Khuda’ is one of the most memorable stories in Urdu literature. Urdu writers like Rajender Singh Bedi and Krishn Chander (1914-1977) showed commitment to the Marxist philosophy in their writings. Best mac cleaner 2019 freeAnother of Manto's praise-worthy works was ‘Khol Do’, which tackled the horrors of partition. His ‘Thanda Gosht’, which dealt with the subject of necrophilia, shocked the readers. Manto dealt in an artistic way with many unconventional subjects, like sex, which were considered taboo by the Middle-class. Upender Nath Ashk (‘Dachi’), Ghulam Abbas (‘Anandi’). In the post-1936 period, the writers belonging to the ‘Halqa-eArbab-e-Zauq’ produced several good stories in Urdu. His important short stories include ‘Alhamd-o-Lillah’, ‘Savab’, ‘Nasib’ and others.
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